1.1. Alexandros Argyropoulosalexandrosargyropoulos

Virtual operation of the Antikythera mechanism in its actual environment.antikythera运行机制的虚拟现实环境.

In the beginning, a very brief description of the authors personal information sources about the Antikythera mechanism is presented.30年代初,一个很简单的描述了作者个人信息来源antikythera机制.
The main part of the presentation suggests the design and availability of a downloadable 3-D simulation model of the mechanism over the Internet using a specific color code to depict its parts.主体颁奖显示可供下载的设计和三维仿真模型的具体机制使用过因特网的色彩描绘代码部分. This model will be combined with a computer program that will simulate the positions of the earth, the moon, the planets, the sun and the stars as they were back in 100 years B.C.这种模式将会结合电脑程式将模拟地球的位置,月亮,行星、太阳和群星为公元前100年,早在他们被 and thus allow the researching mechanics and astronomers to virtually operate the mechanism in its actual environment at the date of its manufacture.从而使研究力学和天文学家几乎在其运作机制,在现实环境的制造日期. The availability of the model on the Internet site will allow scientists from all over the world to contribute to this research可供示范的因特网站将使世界各地的科学家对这一研究
This virtual «on site» operation will allow the researchers to fine tune the shape and teeth count of the gears and positions of various arbors and displays of the mechanism that are not complete, or not even existing in the original recovered fragments, in order to achieve the best possible accuracy in the actual reconstruction of the mechanism.这个网址虚拟•现场操作将使研究者微调齿轮形状及牙齿爆各种乔木、显示器、位置的机制不健全,即使原来存在或不收回碎片,为了达到最佳的精度,在实际的重建机制.
Next, the possibilities of mass production of replicas for educational, scientific and also commercial purposes are presented.其次,大量生产仿制的可能性为教育、科学和商业用途.
Last, the author explains why a new underwater exploration of the Antikythera wreck is very probable to reveal fragments of the mechanism still remaining under the sea.最后,作者解释了为什么一个新的水下勘探antikythera毁掉碎片很可能揭示机制尚存在大海.


2.2. Yanis Bitsakis, Agamemnon Tselikasyanisbitsakis,亚格tselikas

The New Inscriptions新题字

From the discovery of the Antikythera Mechanism, the inscriptions were of first importance for studying its origin and functions.从出土的antikythera机制,碑文是首要学习其来源和功能. For decades, they constituted the most important visible part, and lead to its early characterization as an astronomical device, although the texts were extremely fragmentary.几十年来,他们构成了最重要的有形部分,如导致早期表征天文仪器虽然文本很零碎. With the Antikythera Mechanism Research Project, inscriptions can now be read that have not been seen for more than two thousand years, and this is helping to build a comprehensive picture of the functions of the Mechanism.随着antikythera机制研究项目碑文现在可以看到没有见过超过2000年这有助于建立功能完备的机制.
The number of read characters has doubled from the previous research lead by Derek de Solla Price.经过数从上届翻了一番人物研究的领先德里克德普赖斯价. We now have reconstructed a more complete text of the back door plate, which permits us to characterize it as an instruction manual, where mechanical terms describing parts of the Mechanism are mixed with astronomical periods and bodies displayed by those parts.我们现在有一个较完整的文本改建后门板块它的特点是允许我们作为指导手册,如机械部分条款叙述机制和机构混杂在天文展示部分时段.
One important part of the front door plate consists essentially by fragment G, which contains one of the most extensive texts lying on the Mechanism.一个重要组成部分,主要由钢板前门片段七、其中一个最广泛的文本躺在机制. This text was considered as unreadable by previous researchers.这被视为不知所云的文字前研究员. The Computed Tomography enables us to read most of its characters, revealing possibilities about lost functions of the Mechanism.电脑断层使我们看到了大部分的人物,显现丧失功能的可能性约机制. Terms like , , , , planet names like Hermes or Venus, verbs like , , , and numbers like 265, 340, 130, together with the mention of the Sun as a reference for computing, provide a more concrete view about the possibility of displaying distances between planets at a given moment.从喜欢、、、行星的名字一样赫姆斯或金星,像动词、、、而像号码265、340、130,再加上提太阳电脑做为参考,提供更具体的看法可能展现在某一时刻行星距离.

　

An ancient astronomical calculator, built around the end of the second century BC, was unexpectedly sophisticated, a study in this week's Nature suggests.古天文计算器,围绕年底公元前二世纪,竟然精良、研究本周的建议性质. Mike G. Edmunds and colleagues used imaging and high-resolution X-ray tomography to study fragments of the Antikythera Mechanism, a bronze mechanical analog computer thought to calculate astronomical positions.麦克g.成象和edmunds和同事们用高分辨X射线断层的研究凌空antikythera机制青铜机械计算机模拟计算天文思想阵地. The Greek device contains a complicated arrangement of at least 30 precision, hand-cut bronze gears housed inside a wooden case covered in inscriptions.希腊器件包含一个复杂精密的安排,至少30、手切青铜齿轮住在一幢木制盖铭文案. But the device is fragmented, so its specific functions have remained controversial.但该装置是琐碎的,所以它的具体职能一直有争议. The team were able to reconstruct the gear function and double the number of deciphered inscriptions on the computer's casing.队得以改造双重功能及渔具数量破译铭文计算机的外壳. The device, they say, is technically more complex than any known device for at least a millennium afterwards.该装置,他们说,在技术上比任何已知至少装置一个千年以后. The text is astronomical with many numbers that could be related to planetary motions, and the gears are a mechanical representation of a second century theory that explained the irregularities of the Moon's motion across the sky caused by its elliptical orbit.文中有许多是天文数字,可能与行星提案齿轮是机械和代表性的第二个世纪的理论解释不清月亮的议案划破夜空造成其椭圆轨道.

3.3. Mike Edmunds麦克edmunds

a.甲. The Antikythera Mechanism in Context在机制方面的antikythera

As a preparation for the new results which will be presented at the conference,为准备新的成果,将会在会议
this introduction will try to set the Antikythera Mechanism in time and place.这将设法引进机制antikythera定时间和地点.
It comes from a rather "dark era" of Greek astronomy, so discovery of its它来自一个非常"黑暗"希腊天文学,所以它的发现
inscriptions and functions should shed some light.碑文和职能应当说说. Undoubtedly we see the毫无疑问,我们看到
heritage of Babylon.巴比伦遗产. The newly-apparent mechanical sophistication of the新近明显的精密机械
Mechanism certainly raises the vital question of the state of Greek technology当然机制切身问题引起了国家科技希腊
and learning at the time.与学习的时间. Exactly when, by whom, for whom and for what was the正是时候,谁,为谁而战,为的是什么
Mechanism made?机制? What other technology does it imply?其它技术是否意味什么? What would have been the究竟有什么
influence of mechanical models on the Greek view of the Universe?力学模型的影响,希腊认为宇宙? These这些
questions will be asked in the hope and anticipation that some answers will be会问问题的希望和预期,将一些答案
beginning to emerge by the end of the conference!年底开始出现的裁!

b.乙. Counting teeth and scales计数牙齿和鳞片

The statistical methods used in deriving the tooth counts of incomplete gears统计方法产生的不完整齿轮齿爆
from X-ray images of the Antikythera Mechanism will be described, together with从X射线图象的描述antikythera机制将连同
the results.结果. The importance and difficulties of locating the gear centres will重要性与困难齿轮中心位置
be emphasised.被夸大. We will show how quite restrictive ranges of tooth count values我们将限制性说明相当齿票价值不等
can be established.可以确立. The methods are also applied to the scales of the办法也适用于规模的
Mechanism.机制. Suggestions for further work will be made.建议进一步工作仍将继续进行.


4.4. Vassiliki Fragou (poster)vassilikifragou(海报)

The Greek newspapers and between April 1902 and June 1902, and between May 1902 and June 1902, have been thoroughly investigated, at the archives of the Greek Parliament Library, for articles concerning the Antikythera shipwreck.希腊报纸和1902年4月和1902年6月间,1902年5月和1902年6月间,目前已经查清,在希腊议会档案图书馆,供有关antikythera沉船物品. Several references to the shipwreck and the Antikythera Mechanism have been found with some interesting statements: The first report of the Antikythera Mechanism was on May 22, 1902 in the Newspaper .几个人提到的沉船antikythera机制和所发现的一些有趣言论:第一antikythera机制的报告>1902年5月22日在报纸上. Furthermore, interesting announcements, concerning the involvement of the Principality of Monaco were found together with references concerning an inscription with the words Sun ray , it s relevance of the Mechanism to astronomical instruments, etc. The investigation is an on-going project.另外,有趣的短片,关于参与摩纳哥发现连同有关参考资料题字上写着太阳光线,它收盘机制相关天文仪器等调查是一项持续工程. It is expected that it will reveal the apprehension about the Antikythera Mechanism, during those early days.预计它将揭示顾虑antikythera机制,在这些早期.


5.5. Tony Freeth汤尼freeth

Journey to the Centre of the Mechanism: 1.西游记中心机制:1. The Back Dials & Eclipse Prediction背面拨号及月食预报

In 2005 we completed the data gathering phase of our research, designed to look at the Antikythera Mechanism from a fresh perspective.我们在2005年完成了第一阶段的数据收集研为了看看antikythera机制从另一角度考虑. X-Tek Systems and Hewlett-Packard left us with a rich store of x-ray and surface imaging data and a huge jigsaw puzzle to assemble.十大康科技体制和惠普给我们留下了丰富的储藏X射线成像数据、地表和庞大的拼图集合.
The context of all modern work on the Mechanism is the research by Price, leading to his seminal paper Gears from the Greeks in 1974, wi th a remarkable model that has defined the Mechanism for a generation.所有现代背景的研究工作是由价格机制、导致精液纸齿轮他从希腊人在1974年无线次明显的机制模式,都已经明确了一代. Subsequent models by Bromley and Wright modified Prices scheme.随后由bromley型号价格和赖特改装计划. Initial analysis revealed interesting features and deep flaws in all the models.有趣的初步分析显示,在所有的特征和深刻的缺陷模式.
Price established the overall architecture of the Mechanism, with its Front and Back Dials.建立价格机制的总体结构,其前后先拨. This presentation concentrates on the Back Dials.这回先拨集中颁奖.
We reject previous models of the Upper Back Dials by Price and Bromley but strongly support Wrights advocacy of an alternative idea due to Price that they show the 19-year Metonic cycle.我们拒绝以前型号的价格由上背部先拨bromley但坚决支持和倡导wrights另类想法,他们因物价呈现19年metonic周期. We also support Wrights adoption of a Callippic subsidiary dial.我们也支持通过一项callippicwrights附属拨号.
We corroborate Wrights surprising idea that the back dials were in the form of spirals, with remarkable additional evidence from the inscriptions.我们知道佐证wrights惊讶背面分别拨号的形式热风、从铭文显著补充证据. We demonstrate evidence that identifies the purpose of these spirals.我们认为证据显示这些热风
We reject all previous models of the Lower Back Dials.我们反对一切回到以前的模式下拨号. Close observation, combined with statistical analysis, establishes that the dial is a Saros Dial, based on the 223-lunar month Saros Cycle.密切观察,结合统计分析,确定是沙罗打电话预约,基于223-农历七月沙罗周期. The subsidiary dial is a Triple Saros, or Exeligmos Dial.三重沙罗是附属拨号或exeligmos拨号.
Price noted (without explanation) mysterious blocks of text and symbols between the divisions of the main Lower Back Dial.著名价(无解释)神秘符号和文字块之间的主要分歧下背部拨号. We have discovered many more of these in fragments E and F and have dubbed them glyphs.我们发现,在这些碎片多、E和F都把它们字形. We identify the glyphs as eclipse predictions.我们找出字形作为月食预言. We discuss how these match actual eclipse records and propose a reconstruction of the whole of the Saros Dial, showing the positions of all the glyphs on the 223-month dial.我们讨论如何配合这些月食记录,并提出了具体的重建整条沙罗拨号、显示着所有关于字形223个电话. We also identify the probable source of the eclipse data.我们还找出可能的月食资料来源.
This research leads to a unified new picture of the Back Dials, with periods of 19, 76, 18+ and 54+ years.这一研究导致一个统一的新照片背面拨号,19期,76、1918年,54岁以上+.

Journey to the Centre of the Mechanism: 2.西游记中心机制:2. The Gears & The Lunar Mechanism齿轮及农历机制

The identification of the Lower Back Dials as a Saros/Exeligmos system leaves two significant questions about the structure of the gearing.确定下一个回拨号,沙罗/叶exeligmos体系结构两个重大问题的联动. How was the Saros Dial powered?怎么是拨号沙罗动力? And what is the epicyclic system at the back of the Mechanism?什么是行星系统位于后面的机制? The first question is fairly easy to answer and the second much harder.第一个问题是相当容易回答,第二难上加难.
We describe M. T. Wrights proposed gear trains for the Metonic/Callipic Dials, noting his surprising assertion that one of the gears has 53 teeth, wh ich is then cancelled out by an additional hypothetical 53-tooth gear later in the train.我们描述公尺汤匙wrights提出的齿轮火车metonic/callipic拨号、他注意到一个奇怪的断言齿轮有53个齿,筹募然后是出血取消了额外的假设53-齿稍后的列车.
Our identification of the Lower Back Dial as a Saros Dial strongly suggested that it was implemented by a fixed-axis train including a gear with 223 teeth.我国确定下回到了沙罗拨号拨号强烈暗示它实行固定列车包括齿轮轴223牙齿. We show how this can be easily accomplished by powering e3 from axis m with an additional 27-tooth gear.这说明,我们可以轻易完成的动力来自E3类轴米增加27-齿.
This left us with a huge problem that took another six months to solve.这给我们留下了巨大的问题,解决了6个. X-Teks CT confirmed that the gears on the back of e3 are epicyclic.X射线断层证实特克斯齿轮背面E3类的行星. But what was their purpose?但他们的目的是什么? First it was necessary to completely rethink the inputs and outputs of the epicyclic system.首先有必要彻底重新投入和产出的行星系统. A giant spreadsheet produced possible outputs, ranging from various types of month to 26,000 years!巨人试产出可能产生不等的各类一个月26000年! But the solution remained elusive.但依然渺茫解决.
We discuss two important observations by M. T. Wright: that fragment C contains a Moon Phase Mechanism and that fragment A contains a pin-and-slot mechanism on eccentric axes.我们讨论了两个重要的观察米汤匙赖特:片段三阶段月球,含有一种机制,片段含有密码和槽机制偏心轴. The latter was rejected as a realization of Hipparchos Lunar Theory.后者被拒绝作为实现hipparchos农历理论.
We describe the synthesis of a range of evidence that led to a breakthrough on the epicyclic pin-and-slot system.我们描述合成了一系列证据证明导致了突破的行星品及槽系统. It does in fact realize Hipparchos Lunar Theory in an astonishingly ingenious way.它实际上实现hipparchos农历理论巧妙地惊人. We also show that this system outputs, not to the back dials as in previous models, but to the front of the Antikythera Mechanism.我们也证明这个制度的产出,而不是像以往的背面拨号模式但到了门前antikythera机制.
This synthesis explains all the known gears of the Antikythera Mechanism (except one) in a coherent and economical way.这说明所有已知的合成齿轮的antikythera机制(除一)以连贯、节约. It shows why the Mechanism contained three gears with 53 teeth and how the prime numbers in the tooth counts of all the gears can be simply derived from the Metonic and Saros cycles.为什么它显示包含三个机制齿轮和53齿牙如何素数的计数齿轮全部可以从根本metonic和沙罗周期.
Our research shows that the Mechanism was even more sophisticated than previously thought, with a remarkable ingenuity of design.我们的研究显示,机制比以前更为精密的思想,以出色的设计巧思.


6.6. Elias Gourtsoyannis (poster)埃利亚斯gourtsoyannis(海报)

The Antikythera Mechanism in Mathematics Educationantikythera机制的数学教育

In this paper, the application of the theory of continued fractions as convergents to specific irrational or rational numbers is presented.本文应用理论作为分式convergents特定号码是理性还是非理性. There are historical references to the well-known Metonic cycle and a method of possible systematic discovery of simple rational approximations is discussed.有历史典故的著名metonic周期和播出系统中发现了一种简单的近似理性讨论. These simple rational approximations lead directly to the calculation of the appropriate gear ratios specific to the various astronomical cycles.这些简单的近似理性直接导致齿轮适当比例计算的各种具体的天文周期. The mathematics of teeth-cutting in disks using ancient technology is also discussed, in particular the geometric ideas involved.数学牙齿切割用古老的技术是在磁盘还讨论,尤其是涉及几何观念. The relevance of the Antikythera Mechanism to Mathematics Education is explored using familiar ideas within the International Baccalaureate Higher Mathematics and/or GCE A-Level syllabi.相关的机制antikythera数学教育理念是在探索利用熟悉国际文凭高等数学和/或继A级教材.

7.7. Robert Hannah汉纳罗伯特

Parapegmata, Hellenistic Calendars and the Antikythera Mechanismparapegmata、希腊历法和antikythera机制

Although now recognised more as a planetarium or orrery, the Antikythera Mechanism was originally identified by Price as a calendar computer, and despite our present concerns with its sophisticated means of predicting lunar positions and eclipses, it still offers abundant means of marking and measuring time.虽然现在更多的认可或orrery天文馆、antikythera机制原本确定的价格作为月历电脑尽管我们目前所关注的尖端手段预测农历阵地月食,它依然提供充裕时间测量标志和手段. This it was able to do in terms of the Egyptian calendar and a parapegma on the front of the dial, and of the Metonic and Kallippic lunisolar cycles of 19 and 76 years respectively on the back, where we also now find the Saros and Exeligmos eclipse cycles.这是能够做到的埃及日历和parapegma门前就打电话,而<日月metonickallippic周期和76年分别于19日和背部现在我们又找到和exeligmos月食沙罗周期. Arguably, local civil lunar calendars could also be correlated to the readings from the Mechanism, since it appears that they were still synchronised with the lunar phases.可以说,当地民间农历日期的读数,也可以从相关的机制、自从看来他们仍在花样与如月.
In its combination of timekeeping methods, the Antikythera Mechanism is very much a product of its times.其组合方式报时,antikythera机制是非常时期的产物,它. In the Hellenistic period we find, for instance, the parapegma incorporated into the Egyptian calendar in a festival calendar from Egypt, or the Metonic cycle used as a regulator for the Athenian civil calendar, or sundial and water-clock technology combined in the Tower of the Winds.我们发现,在希腊化时期,比如<parapegma纳入了埃及日历月历节日来自埃及,或者<metonic周期作为调节民事日历的雅典,还是日晷和水钟技术结合在了塔暴.
The sheer variety of timekeeping methods in the one instrument is intriguing, but perhaps the most curious method to modern eyes is the parapegma.单品种报时方法是奇妙的工具之一,但或许最好奇的眼睛是parapegma现代方法. This paper seeks to set this aspect of the Mechanism within the context of the development of the parapegma as a timekeeping tool, and to investigate the type and purposes of this particular example.本文旨在确定这方面的机制,在<发展的parapegma作为报时工具并探讨这个例子种类和用途.

8.8. Velson Horievelsonhorie

Conservation for use, now and in the future节约使用、现在和未来

The Mechanism is an icon in the development of technology.这个机制是在科技发展的标志. It needs to be in a fit condition to be displayed for untutored people to appreciate its importance.必须要在一个合适的条件,供人们欣赏冲着它的重要性. Equally the Mechanism needs to be available for further study, of which this latest, but not last, investigation is an excellent example.同样的机制必须是供进一步研究,其中最新的,但不是最后调查就是一个很好的例子. It is our duty to ensure that the next generation of researchers receive the Mechanism from us in at least as good condition as it is now.这是我们的责任,以确保下一代的科研机制从我们得到至少像现在状况良好. The Mechanism is primary evidence for history which must not be distorted by damage, chemical or physical.这个机制是首要证据不能歪曲历史损害、化学或物理. There is always a conflict between the preservation of an object, and making it available for use.总有相遇保存对象,并使其可供使用. One difficulty is that there are many potential uses of an object.一个困难是,有许多潜在用途的对象.

How does this damage occur?请问如何损害发生? How can the evidence be revealed?证据显示是如何? How can we convey to the public our conviction that this is really important?如何向公众传达我们的信念,这是真正重要的?

Damage: Can we do a risk assessment for the likely causes and effects of damage?损坏:可以做风险评估可能造成的损失和影响? ..

Physical changes: At the extreme, fire and theft lead to complete loss but these should be managed by institutional policies, informed by the conservation needs.物理变化:在极端火灾和盗窃而导致的损失完全应该由这些机构政策通知养护需求. Physical damage on a large scale can be caused by earthquakes or simply dropping the object.实际损害了大规模的地震可造成物体或干脆取消. The Getty Museum has developed strategies and mounts that reduce the damage from earthquakes, while in the UK and elsewhere great advances have been made in designing procedures and producing mounts for carrying, handling, displaying and examining objects.格蒂博物馆已经发展战略和压力,减少地震的损害,在英国和其他地方已经取得很大进展的程序设计和制作,唱出丰富多彩、处理,展示及研究对象. These improvements in handling methods contribute greatly to reducing attrition and un-noticed fracturing during examination and moving.这些改进处理方式大大降低损耗和联合国人注意,在考试压裂动人. Simple measures can improve survivability e.g.简单的措施如能提高生存能力 providing a mount constructed so that the object can be examined without touching.建成使摩提供了可以研究的对象并没有触及. An added benefit is that the attention obviously expended on the object by the museum encourages greater care by both staff and visitors.另一个好处是,注意的对象,显然花费了更大的关怀鼓励博物馆的工作人员和游客. These are relatively inexpensive measures compared to the cost of repairing the damage or, worse, the loss of evidence.这些措施相比相对便宜的修理费用或损失,甚至失去证据.

Chemical changes: The changes caused by the environment are in principle easy to reduce to very low levels - keep it in a box in a good environment.化学变化:因环境变迁,原则容易减少很低-一箱保持良好环境. Maintaining these conditions is not always easy in practice.这些条件并不容易维护实践. But a good box goes a long way to solve the problem.但是一个好的盒子,大有来解决问题. My most difficult jobs as a practicing conservator usually involve dealing with well-meant but harmful treatments by a conservator or curator in the past.我作为一个修炼conservator职位最难处理往往涉及好待遇的意思,反而有害于过去conservator或馆长. Unquantifiable damage has been done by cleaning and restoration, removing evidence that can never be recovered.已造成损害的胸襟和恢复清洁,清除证据表明不能收回. Many of the once recommended state-of-the-art treatments have been shown to cause irreversible changes.许多曾经推荐的美国最先进的治疗方法已被证明造成不可逆转的变化. We now understand that every treatment we undertake will cause loss in the object.我们现在明白每治疗会造成损失,我们承诺对象. We have to quantify and document that loss before considering a treatment.我们要量化和文件损失,才考虑治疗.

The techniques for achieving the required protection are scattered across the world with hotspots of expertise in many countries.为实现所需的技术保障已遍布世界许多国家专门热点. No one institution or individual has the right answer.任何机构或个人有一个正确的答案. For an object of this importance, I suggest that you can draw upon the expertise and goodwill of many people in many countries.对于这种重要性的对象,我建议你可以借鉴的经验和许多人在许多国家的好感.

Evidence: This project has shown that evidence which was unsuspected can be revealed without changing the object at all.证据:证据显示,这个项目被暴露出我们可以发现,在不改变对象. A decade ago, this would not have been possible.十年前,这个就没有可能. In another decade, even more latent information will be revealed.在未来十年,甚至更多的潜在信息就会暴露. The need to physically change an object by micro-excavation is fast disappearing.要改变一个物体的肢体微开挖迅速消失. The realisation of what is lost by this process has become all too apparent.什么是失去了实现这一过程变得极为明显. By insisting that nothing is destroyed in the process of discovering information, researchers are impelled to create ever more sophisticated methods of examination, leading to ever more exciting discoveries.坚持,没有什么是毁灭的过程中发现信息、研究人员精神感召创造更加精密检查方法,从而更加振奋的发现.

Translation: We are excited by the Mechanism so should the rest of the world.翻译:让我们振奋不已机制应世界各地. This is why we are doing this work, exploring and explaining the past to the present.这就是为什么我们正在做这方面的工作,探索和解释过去到现在. First ourselves, then in every widening circles.首自己,然后在每圈扩大. Aesthetically, the fragments have no value or scrap value either.优美的片段,没有任何价值或剩余价值. But people are fascinated by stories, the processes of discovery, both ancient and modern.但每个人都向往的故事,过程中发现,无论古今.

That is why I am here.这就是为什么我在这里.


9.9. Alexander Jones琼斯亚历山大

The Antikythera Mechanism as an artifact of Hellenistic astronomy作为文物的antikythera机制的希腊天文学

While long recognized as an important artifact of Greek mechanical technology, the Antikythera Device has not established a significant place in the current accounts of Greek astronomy; in Neugebauer's monumental History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy, for example, it is mentioned only in passing in a footnote.而长期公认的重要文物希腊机械技术antikythera装置的地点尚未确定着希腊天文学的往来帐户;在neugebauer的不朽古代数学天文学史,例如,它只是顺便提到了注脚. In the light of research done on the device since Price's work of a generation ago, we can now say not only that it is representative of the high end of technical astronomy of its time, but that it has the potential to expand our understanding of that astronomy and its cultural role.在结合所做的研究装置以来物价工作的前一辈、现在我们可以说,它不仅是代表高级技术天文学的时间结束,但它有可能扩展到天文的认识及其文化的作用. The present paper attempts to relate the device to our other evidence for astronomical theory and prediction in the period of Hellenistic astronomy between Hipparchus and Ptolemy.本文试图涉及的其他证据,我们的天文仪器和理论预测之间hipparchus时期希腊天文学和托勒密.


10.10. Helen Karabatzaki海伦karabatzaki

Ancient textual evidence possibly concerning the Mechanism of Antikythera古文字证据可能涉及机制antikythera

In my capacity as a historian of ancient Greek philosophy, particularly the Hellenistic one, I shall try to clarify some archaegnostic details concerning the Mechanism of Antikythera.我作为一个历史学家古希腊哲学,尤其是希腊、我尝试去澄清一些细节archaegnosticantikythera机制. I shall present some ancient texts referring to astronomical instruments and their inventors, Archimedes, Hipparchus, and Posidonius.我本古书指一些天文仪器及其发明者阿基米德,hipparchus、posidonius.
Taking in account the already read parts of the inscriptions on the mechanism, I shall focus on the astronomical meaning of the term «stirigmos» , which appears together with the terms «propodismos» and «anapodismos» in the extant texts of authors of late antiquity, such as Theon of Alexandria, Iamblichus and Proclus.These terms denote the apparent backward and forward movement of the planets Venus and Mercury on the ecliptic zone.同时,在部分到已读铭文机制我将着重于天文一词的含义•stirigmos网址,看来连同propodismos条款••anapodismos网址,网址和现存文本已故作家古代,例如theon亚历山大iamblichus和外延上明显落后proclus.these向前移动行星金星的黄道带和水银.
With every precaution I should like to link the term «ypoleipetai» with the mathematician and astronomer Adrastus, who had influenced Hipparchus.我要防范每一届•ypoleipetai网址连结与adrastus数学家、天文学家、曾hipparchus影响.


11.11. Kostas Karatzaskostaskaratzas

A possible web portal for archiving, presentation and usage of the Antikythera Mechanism Project results可能网站备案,主办和用法的antikythera机制项目成果

The proposed web portal should take under consideration the EU guidelines «to improve the interoperability of digital cultural and scientific/scholarly content ..and enable multilingual access to it, so as to enhance the crossborder visibility, accessibility, use and re-use of European cultural resources»1 while addressing the citizen and any interested party, with emphasis on the educational and the scientific community.建议网站应该考虑提高欧盟指南•互用数字文化和科学/学术含量..进入它使多种语言,以提高企业的知名度过境,交通方便,使用和再利用欧洲文化资源网址一日针对公民和任何有兴趣、注重教育和科学界. State-of-the art technologies should be employed that will allow for handling and archiving of the information already collected, or to be collected, seamlessly, regardless of data volume and heterogeneity.美国最先进的技术应该可以让处理已收集到的资料和归档,还是收,无缝,无论数量和异质数据. The aims should be at enhancing interoperability and usage of the content.目的应在于加强互用及使用内容. The portal should be built on the basis of a content management system, should support push notification services for the promotion of communication and dissemination, sh ould include a proper database of visual content and related data, co nstructed on the basis of a proper schema and ontology, an d should be accompanied by a number of tools and services for data extraction and post-processing.门应该建立一个基于内容管理系统通知应支持推动通信服务推广和传播,巯乌尔德包括适当的视觉内容和相关数据库的数据,共乳晕适当的基础和本体模式,丁应附有一些数据抽取工具和服务和产后加工. The portal should make use of open source technologies and commonly accepted protocols to minimize access problems.门要利用开放源码技术和普遍接受的议定书减少准入问题. A possible scenario of use indicating the proposed portal structure follows: A Mechanical Engineer student sends a query and receives all information related to the gears of the mechanism.一个可能发生的使用说明拟议门结构如下:机械工程师收到所有学生发出了一个信息查询和齿轮相关的机制. Then, with the aid of an on-line mark-up tool, the student measures the basic geometrical and engineering properties, translates them into modern gear design data, and applies modern engineering methods for recalculating the geometrical propertied of the gears.然后,借着一个网上纪念后续手段,学生基本几何和工程措施财产翻译成现代齿轮设计资料、适用工程、现代几何方法重新置业的齿轮. Then, if he/she wishes, can save the data online, making them accessible to others.那么,如果他/她的意愿,可以节省数据上网,使之方便他人. A wiki and a blog, hosted by the portal, can support communication and creation of «user communities».一、博客wiki主办门,能支持沟通、建立社区用户•网址.



12.12. Anthony Kolsouzoglou and Yannis Veneris (poster)安东尼的Yanniskolsouzoglou、蕨(海报)

Studying Antikythera Mechanism in mixed reality学习antikythera机制混合现实

Mixed Reality constitutes the dynamic mergence of physical and virtual space, with the integration of physical and virtual representations of objects that lie in one space into the other.混合动力合并构成现实和虚拟空间物理、结合物理和虚拟交涉对象之一,在于为其他用地. This mutual exchange of representations introduces two new main states of reality: augmented reality and augmented virtuality.这种相互交换意见,主要介绍了两个新国家的现实:虚拟增强现实和充实. In an Augmented Reality space various representations of virtual objects are integrated into the physical space, while in an Augmented Virtuality space physical objects are represented in the virtual space.在各种交涉增强现实虚拟空间物体纳入有形空间而在虚拟空间地物精良的代表参与虚拟空间. These new areas of reality demonstrate entirely new characteristics, since properties of the virtual and physical space are being combined in them.事实证明,这些新领域的全新特色由于虚拟和物理性能空间正在合并他们.
Mixed Reality has already found many applications in archaeology and cultural heritage, especially on occasions where a restoration was to be implemented.混合现实应用已发现许多考古学和文化遗产,尤其是在一些情况下,恢复执行. The study and presentation of archaeological findings in Mixed Reality has been augmented with further information, e.g.考古发现和研究提出混合现实已经扩充进一步资料,例如: virtual objects, text, graphics, annotations, sound.虚拟物品、文字、图形、说明、声. Semi-destroyed findings or even entire sites can be dynamically restored, studied and presented in real time.半毁的结果,甚至整个场地可以恢复动态,研究并提出了实时. Mixed Reality also offers many alternative reconstructions of the same archaeological finding, which the user can view on his request, being able to simultaneously become part of this very presentation.混合现实,也让许多另类车牌号码相同的考古发现,其中用户可以看他的要求,同时能成为这个颁奖.
Antikythera Mechanism (AM) on account of its being semi-destroyed and of its great complexity proves to be problematic for its study and its presentation to public.antikythera机制(上午)根据3277半毁,它证明是非常复杂的问题,并研究其提交给公众. Therefore it appears to be ideal for study and presentation in Mixed Reality.因此,这似乎是理想的学习和套在混合现实. In our research we implemented a physical reconstruction of the Antikythera Mechanism as well as a virtual reconstruction according to Derek De Sola Price research.在研究实施的物理机制antikythera重建的重建以及虚拟陈道据德索拉价格研究. These two reconstructions allowed us to develop applications, ranging from complete physical to complete virtual.这两项重组,使我们制定的申请,从完全虚拟物理完成. The Mixed Reality system we developed consists of a laptop as processing unit, a webcam for capturing the physical space, e.g.我们研制的混合现实系统由一台便携式加工单位webcam抓获了物理空间,例如 our lab, a projector for viewing Mixed Reality in public and a HMD (head mounted display) for viewing Mixed Reality privately.我们实验室、投影机观看了公众和混合现实头盔(头盔显示器)自费观赏混合现实. Webcam captures the physical space and transmits the streaming video to laptop, where with the use of suitable software, predesigned virtual objects are being integrated in the streaming video in real time.webcam夺得物理和空间传送视频分流到笔记本,与使用适当的软件predesigned虚拟物体融合在实时视频流. Virtual objects are spatially integrated into the physical space, thus they take up certain space of it.虚拟空间物体纳入有形空间,因此他们必须承担一定的空间.
In addition, a three dimensional interactive public virtual reality space has been developed so that communication between researchers, in case of studying AM, and visitors, in case of presenting AM, through internet in possible.此外,一个三维虚拟现实互动公共空间已经发展使科研人员之间的沟通,学习情况时,旅客如介绍时,通过因特网播出. In this virtual space, each visitor can be represented as an avatar, so that communication between user is more effective.这个虚拟空间,每个旅客可以作为代表梵,使用户更有效的沟通. Alternatively, communication with the use of webcams is possible, transmitting streaming video of the physical spaces where the user are located into the virtual space in real time.另外,在使用摄像机沟通是可能的,视频传输流的物理空间让用户所在的虚拟空间实时. Additionally, the use of microphones, makes conversation between users possible.另外,使用麦克风,使得用户通话中播出.


13.13. Ioannis Lyritzis and Alexandra Coucouzeli金吉拉lyritzis和亚历山德拉coucouzeli

Ancient Greek heliocentric views hidden from prevailing religious beliefs?古希腊heliocentric意见隐藏普遍存在宗教信仰?

Here, we shall put forward the working hypothesis that the heliocentric, rather than the geocentric view, of the solar system was the essential belief of the early Greek astronomers or philosophers.在这里,我们将提出工作假说,heliocentric,而非地心来看,太阳系的基本信念是早期希腊哲学家或天文学家. Although most of them referred to the geocentric view, it is possible that established religious beliefs prevented them from expressing the heliocentric view, even though they were fully aware of it.虽然大多数人所指的地心来看,也有可能使他们无法确定宗教信仰heliocentric表达看法,虽然他们完全知道这一点. Moreover, putting the geocentric view forward, instead, would have facilitated the reception of the surrounding world, much like the modern presentation of the celestial sphere and the zodiac, where the earth is at the center and the sun makes an apparent orbit on the ecliptic.此外,针对各个地心前进,反而会有利于接收周围世界很像现代的天球套、质感凡在该中心是地球和太阳的黄道轨道作出明显. Such a stance would have set these early astronomers in harmony with the dominant religious beliefs about the sacred character of the Earth, without sacrificing the essence of their ideas.这种立场将集这些早期天文学家相处主导宗教信仰的神圣性约地球牺牲了自己的思想精髓.
In late Classical times, the prevailing view was still the geocentric one.在古典时代后期,普遍的看法还是地心. The heliocentric theory advanced by Aristarchus (3rd century BC) met with great hostility in Athens Aristarchus was accused of impiety (asebeia) and faced the death penalty and was never established.由先进的理论heliocentricaristarchus(公元前3世纪)伟大的敌意在雅典会见aristarchus被指不孝(asebeia)从未面临死刑确定. The textual evidence suggests that the tight connection between religion and the city-state (polis) in ancient Greece, as well as the deep religiosity that permeated every aspect of public and private life, wo uld have made any «opposite» view expressed by the astronomers seem almost a high treason against the state.文字证据表明宗教紧张关系和城邦(城邦)在古希腊,以及深厚宗教渗透到各个方面,公共和私人生活中,禾金宗做出任何•网址对面的意见几乎天文学家对国家高度叛国.
The astronomical knowledge of the ancient Greeks predates the Presocratic era and appears already in the epic poems of Homer and Hesiod.古希腊人的天文知识的presocratic时代似乎早已经在荷马史诗诗、赫希尔德. Such knowledge, used for the purposes of navigation, cultivation and worship, may well have been inherited from the Mycenaean or even the Minoan civilization, via the so-called «Dark Ages».这种知识,用作导航、种植和崇拜,可能是继承自迈锡尼文明minoan甚至透过所谓<与黑暗网址.


14.14. Helen Mangou海伦芒

A short research history of the Antikythera Mechanism since its discovery in 1902 up to the Antikythera Mechanism Research Project in 2005短期研究史上的antikythera机制自1902年发现到2005年antikythera机理研究项目

The Antikythera Mechanism is a unique archaeological bronze object related to the ancient Greek technology.antikythera机制是一个独特的青铜考古对象与古希腊的技术. It is a fragmentary, fragile and partly missing calculating device with geared wheels, display scales and Greek inscriptions.它是支离破碎,脆弱,部分失踪计算装置面向轮子,展出规模和希腊碑文. Its fragile state is owed to its corrosion by the seawater where it was found and possibly cause of a non-successful stabilization in its early conservation.它是靠其脆弱的海水侵蚀而被发现可能导致非保育成功早日稳定.
It is still a mysterious archaeological object and continues to hide secrets either because of its preservation state or because of the technical limitations of the technologies used for its study.它还是一个神秘物体,并继续隐瞒秘密考古要么因为其保存国或因技术局限的技术用于研究.
Each research phase undertaken was progressively deciphering more letters from its inscriptions and at the same time was recovering more structural data based on its preservation state and on the used scientific techniques.每个阶段进行研究逐渐破译了碑文多来信,同时更是结构性复苏基于其数据的保存和使用国家科学技术. The scientists and the techniques used each period reflected the social-scientific status of the period.科学家和技术细腻反映社会科学的地位. At the same time each research phase produced controversial views among the scientists concerning the original functions of the device.在同一时间每个阶段的研究中产生争议有关科学家原始功能器件.
In its first research phase (1902-1934) was studied by archaeologists (Svoronos, Stais) as it came from an archaeological shipwreck (dated around 80 B.C) as well as by navy officers (Rados, Re diadis, Theophanides) as it was found in the sea and philologists (Rehm) as it contains inscriptions.在科研第一阶段(1902年至1934年)的考古学研究(罗诺斯,例对照),因为它来自沉船考古(公元前80年12月左右),以及由海军军官(奇斯,再度diadis,theophanides)由于在海中发现学家(赤霉病),因为它包含题字. Astrolabe or a complicated device with astronomical function?等高或复杂的天文装置的功能? A first model of the Mechanism was constructed by Theophanidis (1925-1930)先到模型构建theophanidis机制(1925至1930年)
In its second research phase (1953-1974) was studied by mechanical engineers (Price) as it consists of geared wheels.在第二个研究阶段(1953年至1974年)研究了机械工程师(价格),因为它包含了面向轮子. The industrial X-ray radiography applied by physicist (Karakalos 1973) recovered revolutionary structural data, 30 geared wheels .工业X射线应用物理学(karakalos1973)数据结构收复革命,30面向轮子. Ancient clockwork before the clock, ancient Greek computer or calendar computer calculating sun and lunar motions in relation to the zodiac cycle as well as to the Metonic cycle of 19 years?前古发条小时古希腊电脑或电脑计算太阳和月球日历提案涉及的质感以及周期循环的metonic19年? A second model (two replicas) was constructed by Price (1974).第二个模型(2复制品)构建价格(1974). Many other models based on Price research, have been made until today either handmade as the six Gleaves models or the digitized ones as those of Roumeliotis, Freeth, Casselman and Lysozyme .基于许多其他型号价格研究直至今日已不是手工的六个数字的模式或gleaves不及roumeliotis,freeth,casselman和溶菌酶.
In its third research phase (1990- to now days), after a cap of 20 years, the mechanism was studied again by computer scientists (Bromley and Gardner) as well as by mechanical engineers (Wright).在第三阶段的研究(1990年至现在天)后第20年该机制由计算机科学家研究再次(bromley和加德纳)以及机械工程师(赖特). The film images taken by the laborious X-ray linear tomography, the new available technique of this period, and after their working out in a 3D digitized image produced further new structural data for the researchers.电影影像采取的辛劳X射线断层线,这一新技术可期而在他们的工作进行了三维数字化图像制作的新结构,进一步研究数据. Bromley constructed his own model before coming out the new data from the X-ray linear tomography.bromley建成之前走出自己的新模型数据从X射线断层线. Bromleys model has structural differences as concerns to the Prices model.bromleys模式作为关注价格结构性的差异模式. Unfortunately he died without finishing his research.可惜他没有死,他的研究整理. The other researcher of this phase, engineer Wright, is going on with his research on the Mechanism based on the new data of the Linear tomography.另外,这个阶段研究员、工程师赖特、他正在研究的基础上,新机制的数据线断层. His partial model shows new gearing at the front of the Mechanism for sun, moon and planets and now is working on a model of the back part of the mechanism.其传动部分模型展示新机制在门前阳光月球和行星,现在正背面模型机制的一部分.
In its fourth and last, at the moment, research phase (2005-to now days) the mechanism was studied by the Antikythera Mechanism Research Projects researchers using the latest new technologies as surface imaging and high resolution 3-Dimensional X-ray tomography.在第四及最后,目前研究阶段(2005年至现在天)机理研究的antikythera机理研究项目采用最新科研新技术作为表面成象和高分辨率立体X线断层. The new structural data taken are announced in the present conference and a new reconstruction model is presented for its multiple functions.数据所采取的新体制,在本次会议,并公布了新的重建模式为其颁发多种功能.


15.15. Tom Malzbender汤姆malzbender

Reflectance Imaging : Enhancing Surface Detail on the Antikythera Mechanism反射成像:加强对水面细节antikythera机制

The appearance of a 3D object depends on viewpoint, lighting conditions, surface shape and reflectance properties.外观三维物体靠眼光,照明条件、表面形状和反射特性. Photography captures the appearance of an object directly, holding the viewpoint and lighting conditions constant.摄影捕捉的对象外观直接控股的观点和照明条件不变. Although simple to capture, a photograph only samples a single point in this «appearance space», and is poorly suited to quantitative analysis.虽然简单捕捉,一张照片,在这点只有一个样本•外观空间网址,为适应不良和定量分析. Conventional photography can be extended by capturing multiple images of an object under different lighting directions.传统摄影,可以延长捕捉多画面物体在不同照明方向. This is a simple and effective way of capturing the spatially varying reflectance properties of a surface.这是一个简单而有效的方式捕捉不同空间反射特性的表面. Once acquired, these reflectance properties can be transformed, keeping the geometry of the object constant.一旦收购,这些反射性能可转化,使物体的几何常数. We have found that rendering new views of a surface with specular (shiny) reflection properties can greatly enhance one's perception of surface detail, exceeding the amount of detail that can be perceived directly inspecting the surface or object.我们发现了一些新的看法,使表面反射镜面(光泽)性能可以大大增强自己的感觉表面细节详细数量超过可知觉直接或物体表面考察. These renderings can be achieved at real-time rates on today's P.C.'s, and allow interactive control of both lighting direction and reflectance properties.这些画作,可以达到实时利率今天开源的,双方的互动,让灯光控制方向和反射性能. We describe the method, along with our representation for reflectance functions, Polynomial Texture Maps.我们描述的方法,随着我国代表反射功能,多项式纹理地图.

16. 色诺芬moussas月亮相月亮机制和摆线齿轮组成一个复杂的机制相gnomonion, 一个小球和一个圆形拨号. 抵消标志着一个圈楼打电话. gnomonion是一个复杂的小半球. 实际spherion,大概内半球. 它可能是月亮有两个阶段拨号功能: (一)轮换范围和月亮绕其轴线的运动(二)指针与拨号车轴左右. 二 偏心圈很重要的现实示范月球轨道. 月亮gnomonion有圆柱轴. 在它的一端spherion月亮高度. 另一端有一个圆柱齿轮. 旋转轴和银牌圈是以同轴圆柱齿轮. 前后轴是一个沉重而复杂的建设做出了几个长方形刀片gnomonion(砖). 建造该gnomonion大概滑行自由活动期间将演出轴轨迹月亮 被迫同一个机制来跟踪偏心圆. 也许是运动所作的一部份,该机制是高于这个片段丙均属aspis(、 在文本),涵盖人体盾牌. 一个可能性是一个幌子或以上另一部分片断三偏心轴走遍另一项主要的圈子,逼迫丙spherion有两种成分复杂轨迹: 偏心圆另加常数沿径向直线段、 确定的建设的重大举措和指针所出的滑行旋转轴教鞭. 轨道偏心复合圈加上直线是椭圆状(椭圆0.06-0.07),接近该hipparchus之一. 拨号出现类似中世纪钟表. 天文有延续性的机制和钟表从古至今,或许与两起阿基米德机制,posidonius, hipparchus等机制得以保存和天文学等先进的拜占庭在欧洲蔓延(十字军东征、外交 商业、航海、学者). 两个齿轮(男、女)等人都是片段丁内能完成这一复杂的机制抵消议案(hypocyclical又周转)可模拟天体的轨迹. 17. 玛丽亚悦papathanassiou关于antikythera机制文本仔细看一看零散的文本antikythera机制揭示一些分子 它可以帮助我们破解其功能和使用. 后门题词似乎给一些外部的详细说明部分仪器(如黄金小球、 螺旋和指点)和有关指示使用. 我们尤其指名词•黄待遇相比,eudoxi人工鱼礁. 背面碑文板块似乎给指示方向的仪器,使之可用于大部份的oikoumene. •表现就像迈向apeliotes网址显示在地平线方向应该朝一个方向,而不是风, 风命名,以点从何而来. 前门题词、保存最为广泛、 指以各种几乎完全静止的行星点议案 但只有一个行星的名字就是看书,维纳斯. 经过研究,该文托勒密天文学、 theon保和相关的固定点heliodorus行星议案,我们来到了下述结论: 看来,极可能是antikythera机制,构建除了其他用途)的观测太阳 月球和金星(至少)(可能在其他星球); b)为模型(?) 模拟纵向或其提案(即黄道经度他们只); 和C)的情况也表明,金星仪器固定点之间的道路、逆行弧. 金星的亮度和外观作为明星早晨或傍晚可能原因之一,但不是唯一的这种选择. 18. 灵光poullelhéritagedanticythère网址:

mécanisationsastronomiquesdansleurope拉丁美洲合作坳伊尔年纪就有一篇论文, 纷至沓来的年纪拉丁乐一篇论文,盟约甲状旁腺文件surdesmécanisationsastronomiques鸥planétaires, 洽拉foisà文本manuscrits内皮恩témoinsarchéologiques恩. 持这一文件沙伊取去abondante浇辅导xive-xviesiècles,cest相可怕浇腊奴役postérieureàlinventionlhorlogerierégulée德、 杜xiiiesiècleà鳍腊. 多边、腊parmiécrite文件,文本décriventdesquelquesmécanisations不régulées, 搜易parceantérieuresàlapparition德lhorlogerie什么样所示, 搜易有哪些parce所示contemporaines德辞débuts内皮恩中国科学院indépendantes杜兜勒développement德慈. 埃尔斯预兆témoignage德拉永恒沙丘传统mécanique不该辅导racinesremontentàlantiquité查尔斯肢体评论解释trèscertainement出租人précocelhorlogerieastronomique德、 1330年与五个,puislhorlogerieplanétaire德、杜xivesièclemoitié与五个腊第二次世界大战. régulés欧非、 由于这些文书内皮horlogessurvivantes制宪甲状旁腺基地documentaireprécieuse辅导rapportssur德假牙所使用内皮sur商定由邱终端技术辅导办法,商定由邱终端trouvées浇rendrecompte, 加乐exactement可能despériodicités内皮相提并论lesquelsdesdispositifs所示figurés辅导mouvementsdescélestes兵团. 19. 拉姆齐家三维X射线成像--最新科技技术最早揭露了许多人的经验,第一X射线电脑断层是当他们还是朋友有医院CT扫描. 奇妙的三维图象和二维片显示其内部器官. 大多数人都不知道,不仅可以同剧团在生命的物体的三维成像, 但是,焕发医学成像剂量限制,远远可以看到详细决议案. 这种密集的考察标本antikythera机制不够详细透露新知识,证明在技术上很有挑战性的工作. 不仅全新X射线源需要发展, 更强大的规模比其他任何现货, 但最新的X射线检测技术采用的这种结合实现更高决议样本比以往. 计算能力,特别是需要存储,还收集了600千兆字节的挑战,我们在两个星期内完成. 但结果说明一切,镌刻文 不超过0.2毫米、深告诉公厘高约机制的目的,更不是任何齿轮齿票, 各地也清晰图象的机制已经显现出来. 我们在本质上 三维数字代表的是一个机制,这将进一步分析生存远超凌空自己身旁. 20. 克莱夫ruggles古老古老宇宙科学: 迈向更广阔的背景解读antikythera机制我将试图发展一些内容更广诠释antikythera机制的目的和意义,四 从某种程度上拉伸古希腊本身,而是更广泛的选择多数来自世界各地的文化. 目的是找出和解决了一些简单的一般性问题,例如以下. 如何从根本上做人民信仰cosmoswithin世界比他们花各有不同文化背景、 以及在多大程度上是文化世界观形成的背景? 可以概括任何有意义的方式发展和对大自然的日历? 什么都没有的人学习各种用途的天空和天体周期 常常在详细周密的需求明显超出年度周期调节活性依照季节变化呢? 这其中的社会和政治意识形态以及利用天文知识? 这涉及到什么程度却被动收看、录制、 什么愿望能激励预测将会发生什么样的呢? 技术高明到何种程度,并承担呢? 最后,在古典希腊本身,怎么可以追溯到古老的宇宙神邪 何时宗教节日,寺庙坐的方向发展初期就预测天文学? 21. 约翰seiradakis开拓产品新技术考古研究发明碳测年, 早在50年代, 考古转化只是试图从科学的解释和说明,过去描述的科学. 现在比以往与考古研究是跨学科有密切关系物理、化学、数学、建筑、植物学、 林业等诸多学科,包括天文. 痕量元素测量和重大与非侵入性方法,如涉及光谱等分析技术X荧光、 加速器质谱、电子自旋共振、磁等前所未有的丰富证据已出土、 通往了解祖先的生命. 遥感观测技术包括从天空或遥控潜水器和自主潜水器定位精度空前、 加上数码影像 数据管理和归档,并给考古学家提出新的见解,以贴近大众考古. 新机制使侦查的antikythera的科学家研制的这种创新技术, 谁发明了新的方法监测地面和深入的装置特点,其中 承担后果的沉船和2100年在海底,是支离破碎,损坏 对外开放,充分钙化. antikythera的机制: 日历天文事件的前两环的拨号antikythera机制展现十二星座生肖(环内)和12个(环外). 两环似乎是他们的共同左右独立自由转动中心. 在有形的部分内(生肖)环、希腊字母顺序、、、、 、、、是标识. 对随同parapegma名单之前,有精密的天文盛事希腊字母顺序(十一、 、、、、、、、). 考虑到距离封环内, 显然,24月,